Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)

Aviation fuel made from biomass, waste or renewable electricity (e-fuel), cutting full life-cycle CO2 emissions by 50 to 80 percent versus fossil kerosene. The EU's ReFuelEU Aviation regulation requires 2 percent SAF in the fuel mix from 2025, 6 percent from 2030 and 70 percent by 2050. Current cost is 3 to 6 times conventional jet fuel, which translates into a long-haul business-class ticket surcharge of EUR 50 to 150. Since 2023, NetJets, VistaJet and several private jet operators have offered a SAF option billed to the passenger. Global production hit 1.9 million tonnes in 2024, still only 0.3 percent of total aviation fuel demand.